Conference Proceedings and Policy Positions 2025 – EndNotes
[1] <https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178825/>
[2] <https://docs.un.org/en/a/res/67/19>
[3] <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949?activeTab=>
[4] <https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178825/>
[5] <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/11767/?ln=en&v=pdf>
[6] <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/11767/?ln=en&v=pdf>
[7] <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/53>
[8] <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/131>
[9] <https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf>
[10] <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/192/provisional-measures>
[11] <https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/un-commission-finds-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-israeli-attacks>
[12] <https://lieber.westpoint.edu/common-article-1-1949-geneva-conventions/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%202016%20Commentary,in%20particular%20by%20using%20their>
[13] <https://thearmstradetreaty.org/>
[14] <https://legal.un.org/repertory/art2/english/rep_supp7_vol1_art2_4.pdf>
[15] <https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178825/>
[16] <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/25618?ln=en&v=pdf>
[17] <https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.10_International%20Convention%20on%20the%20Suppression%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Apartheid.pdf>
[18] <https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/NR/rdonlyres/ADD16852-AEE9-4757-ABE7-9CDC7CF02886/283503/RomeStatutEng1.pdf>
[19] <https://www.icj-cij.org/node/204176>
[20] <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/5-6/52/contents>
[21] <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/17/contents>
[22] <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949?activeTab=>
[23] <https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178825/>
[24] <https://www.icj-cij.org/node/204176>
[25] <https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/IP%20S%20RES%20446.pdf>
[26] <https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_465.pdf>
[27] <https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_465.pdf>
[28] <https://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/SRES2334-2016.pdf>
[29] <https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial>
[30] <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949/article-59>
[31] <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ru/customary-ihl/v2/rule53>
[32] <https://press.un.org/en/2018/sc13354.doc.htm>
[33] <https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178825/>
[34] <https://docs.un.org/en/a/res/67/19>
[35] International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004) [2004] ICJ Rep 136, para 122, <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/131>
[36] <https://legal.un.org/repertory/art12.shtml>
[37] <https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights>
[38] <https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights>
[39] UN General Assembly, *Status of Palestine in the United Nations*, GA Res 67/19 (29 November 2012), <https://undocs.org/A/RES/67/19>
[40] Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933), art 1
[41] <https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp>
[42] Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949
[43] UN Security Council Resolution 242 (22 November 1967) S/RES/242; UN Security Council Resolution 338 (22 October 1973) S/RES/338; UN Security Council Resolution 2334 (23 December 2016) S/RES/2334
[44] Charter of the United Nations, art 2(4)
[45] Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (adopted 12 August 1949, entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 UNTS 287, art 49(6)
[46] International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004) [2004] ICJ Rep 136
[47] International Court of Justice, *Legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem* (Advisory Opinion, 2024)
[48] UN Security Council Resolution 465 (1 March 1980) S/RES/465
[49] UN Security Council Resolution 2334 (23 December 2016) S/RES/2334
[50] Geneva Conventions (1949), Common art 1 (duty to respect and ensure respect)
[51] International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) (Advisory Opinion, 21 June 1971) [1971] ICJ Rep 16
[52] International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004) [2004] ICJ Rep 136, esp para 159
[53] International Law Commission, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001), art 41 <https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf>
[54] CJEU, Front Polisario v Council (Case T‑512/12, 2015; C‑104/16 P, 2016) and Western Sahara Campaign UK v Commissioners for HMRC (Joined Cases C‑266/16 and C‑267/16, 2018) – holding EU agreements cannot lawfully apply to Western Sahara absent consent
[55] Geneva Conventions (1949), Common art 1 (duty to respect and ensure respect)
[56] Economic Activity of Public Bodies (Overseas Matters) Bill (23 September 2024)
[57] International Court of Justice, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v Israel), Order on Provisional Measures (26 January 2024), <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/192>
[58] Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem and Israel (A/HRC/59/26)
[59] Arms Trade Treaty (adopted 2 April 2013, entered into force 24 December 2014) art 6(3), <https://treaties.un.org/>.
[60] Geneva Conventions (1949), Common art 1 (duty to respect and ensure respect)
[61] International Law Commission, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001), art 16, <https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf>.
[62] UK Government, Strategic Export Licensing Criteria (Consolidated Criteria), prohibiting licences where there is a clear risk of serious IHL violations (policy guidance as updated)
[63] High Court of England and Wales, judgment concerning components for the F‑35 programme (June 2025) (e.g., claim brought by Al‑Haq and GLAN) – discussing risk assessments under export control law
[64] Charter of the United Nations, art 2(4) (prohibition on the threat or use of force)
[65] UN Security Council Resolution 478 (20 August 1980) S/RES/478
[66] International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004) [2004] ICJ Rep 136, para 159
[67] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July 1998, entered into force 1 July 2002) art 7(2)(h)
[68] International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (adopted 30 November 1973, entered into force 18 July 1976)
[69] Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (Protocol I) (adopted 8 June 1977, entered into force 7 December 1978) art 85(4)(c)
[70] International Court of Justice, *Legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem* (Advisory Opinion, 2024)
[71] International Law Commission, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001), art 41, <https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf>
[72] Geneva Conventions (1949), Common art 1 (duty to respect and ensure respect)
[73] <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/5-6/52/contents>
[74] <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/17/contents>
[75] Geneva Conventions Act 1957 (UK) – giving effect to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and establishing offences for grave breaches with extraterritorial jurisdiction
[76] International Criminal Court Act 2001 (UK) – incorporating genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes into domestic law, and providing for cooperation with the ICC
[77] Geneva Conventions Act 1957 (UK), jurisdictional provisions and grave‑breach offences (universal jurisdiction over serious IHL violations)
[78] International Criminal Court Act 2001 (UK); Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July 1998, entered into force 1 July 2002)
[79] Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949) art 146 (duty to search for and prosecute or extradite persons alleged to have committed grave breaches)
[80] Rome Statute, art 33 (superior orders)
[81]International Court of Justice, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v Israel), Order on Provisional Measures (26 January 2024)
[82] <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949?activeTab=>
[83] <https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178825/>
[84] <https://www.icj-cij.org/node/204176>
[85] <https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/IP%20S%20RES%20446.pdf>
[86] <https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_465.pdf>
[87] <https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_465.pdf>
[88] Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949) art 49(6)
[89] International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004) [2004] ICJ Rep 136
[90] International Court of Justice, Legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem (Advisory Opinion, 2024)
[91] UN Security Council Resolution 446 (22 March 1979) S/RES/446
[92] UN Security Council Resolution 465 (1 March 1980) S/RES/465
[93] UN Security Council Resolution 2334 (23 December 2016) S/RES/2334
[94] International Law Commission, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001), art 41, <https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf>
[95] International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) (Advisory Opinion, 21 June 1971) [1971] ICJ Rep 16
[96] <https://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/SRES2334-2016.pdf>
[97] <https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial>
[98] UN Security Council Resolution 2334 (23 December 2016) S/RES/2334 (calling on states to distinguish, in their relevant dealings, between the territory of the State of Israel and the territories occupied since 1967)
[99] International Law Commission, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001), art 41, <https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf>
[100] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (adopted 7 March 1966, entered into force 4 January 1969)
[101] <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949/article-59>
[102] <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ru/customary-ihl/v2/rule53>
[103] <https://press.un.org/en/2018/sc13354.doc.htm>
[104] Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (Protocol I) (adopted 8 June 1977, entered into force 7 December 1978) art 54
[105] Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (Protocol II) (adopted 8 June 1977, entered into force 7 December 1978) art 14
[106] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), art 8(2)(b)(xxv) and art 8(2)(e)(xix)
[107] Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949), art 59
[108] UN Security Council Resolution 2417 (24 May 2018) S/RES/2417
[109] ICRC Customary International Humanitarian Law Study (2005), Rule 53 (starvation of civilians as a method of warfare)
[110] ICRC Customary International Humanitarian Law Study (2005), Rule 55 (humanitarian relief for civilians in need)
[111] <https://www.atrocitystandinggroup.org/>
[112] <https://policyinfluence.org/briefing-material/10326/legal-basis-for-further-uk-actions-on-israel?utm_source=share-button>
[113] <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/192/provisional-measures>
[114] <https://www.atrocitystandinggroup.org/>
[115] <https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/04/17/human-rights-watchs-written-intervention-ai-uk-uk-governments-duty-prevent-genocide#_ftnref26>
[116] <https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203454>
[117] <https://www.declassifieduk.org/uk-media-are-covering-up-british-spy-flights-for-israel/>
[118] <https://legalresearch.blogs.bris.ac.uk/2025/05/the-international-legal-implications-of-supporting-israel-in-light-of-the-icjs-provisional-measures-and-advisory-opinion/>
[119] <https://barhumanrights.org.uk/statement-concerning-uk-government-obligations-under-international-law/>
[120] <https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/145791-dual-nationals-accused-of-war-crimes-in-gaza.html>
[121] <https://lphr.org.uk/latest-news/uk-charities-letter-to-uk-government-reviewing-trade-relations-with-israel-to-ensure-full-compliance-with-the-uks-international-legal-obligations-and-uphold-respect-for-human-rights/>
[122] <https://www.amnesty.eu/news/eu-israel-anything-short-of-suspending-eu-israel-association-agreement-greenlight-to-israels-genocide/>
[123] <https://policymogul.com/briefing-material/10326/legal-basis-for-further-uk-actions-on-israel>
[124] <https://www.icj-cij.org/node/204176>
[125] <https://law4palestine.org/the-need-for-accountability-israel-must-be-expelled-from-the-united-nations/>
[126] <https://docs.un.org/en/a/res/67/19>
[127] <https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/04/17/human-rights-watchs-written-intervention-ai-uk-uk-governments-duty-prevent-genocide#_ftnref26>
[128] <https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9968/>
[129] <https://britainpalestineproject.substack.com/p/the-special-tribunal-on-aggression?r=5ibu6s>
[130] <https://crimeofaggression.info/role-of-the-icc/definition-of-the-crime-of-aggression/>
[131] <https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/da/da.html>
[132] <https://www.peaceandjusticeinitiative.org/implementation-resources/what-is-the-temporal-jurisdiction-of-the-icc-and-national-courts>
[133] <https://lphr.org.uk/blog/upholding-international-law-and-its-inextricable-link-to-accountability-measures/#:~:text=And%20the%20ICJ%20further%20asserted,of%20annexation%20of%20Palestinian%20land>
[134] <https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/seeking-accountability-for-the-unlawful-use-of-force/crime-of-aggression-under-customary-international-law/9277B64653AF76845E197754FFBC1E24>
[135] <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_1169>
[136] <https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ufp/ufp.html>
[137] <https://geopolitique.eu/en/articles/pursuing-accountability-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/#:~:text=We%20might%20refer%20to%20this,aggression%20will%20never%20be%20prosecuted>
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[140] <https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20250204-icj-allows-oic-to-join-case-on-israels-obligations-in-occupied-palestinian-territory/>
[141] <https://www.caabu.org/news/press-release/caabu-press-release-112-parliamentarians-demand-uk-government-publish-response>
[142] <https://thedinahproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/The-Dinah-Project-full-report-A4-pages_web-1.pdf?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email>
[143] <https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session58/a-hrc-58-crp-6.pdf>
[144] <https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session58/a-hrc-58-crp-6.pdf>
[145] <https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9577/>
[146] <https://thedinahproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/The-Dinah-Project-full-report-A4-pages_web-1.pdf>
[147] <https://www.timesofisrael.com/katz-calls-for-confining-all-gazans-in-humanitarian-city-built-over-rafahs-ruins/#:~:text=Defense%20Minister%20Israel%20Katz%20told,on%20the%20ruins%20of%20Rafah>
[148] <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2025/07/08/ppri-j08.html#:~:text=The%20plan%20by%20Trump%20and,%E2%80%9D>
[149] <https://www.justsecurity.org/116459/israel-gaza-gideon-chariots-humanitarian-city/#:~:text=to%20emigrate%20outside%20the%20Strip,for%20the%20International%20Criminal%20Court>
[150] <https://www.justsecurity.org/116459/israel-gaza-gideon-chariots-humanitarian-city/#:~:text=to%20emigrate%20outside%20the%20Strip,for%20the%20International%20Criminal%20Court>
[151] <https://abcnews.go.com/International/idf-announces-start-operation-gideons-chariots-gaza-ground/story?id=121930267>
[152] <https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-05-08/ty-article/.premium/israeli-army-places-returning-the-hostages-at-the-bottom-of-its-gaza-campaign-goals/00000196-ac14-dce0-abfe-ff7c57670000>
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[154] <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/07/israeli-minister-reveals-plan-to-force-population-of-gaza-into-camp-on-ruins-of-rafah>
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[156] <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/8/netanyahu-trump-discuss-forced-transfer-of-palestinians-out-of-gaza#:~:text=%E2%80%9CAlso%2C%20because%20it%E2%80%99s%20part%20of,individual%20criminal%20responsibility%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20added>
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[186] https://www.newsandsentinel.com/news/local-news/2025/08/israel-announces-a-settlement-project-that-critics-say-will-effectively-cut-the-west-bank-in-two/#:~:text=The%20two%20cities%20are%2022,adds%20hours%20to%20the%20journey>
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